As a nursing student, you’re likely to encounter patients experiencing allergic reactions. Do you know how to spot one? How can you help someone in an emergency? Can an allergy be life-threatening? This guide will walk you through what an allergic reaction looks like, its potential causes, and how to provide immediate care—especially in severe cases like anaphylaxis.
What is an Allergic Reaction?
An allergic reaction is an immune response to a substance that the body mistakenly identifies as harmful. These substances, known as allergens, could be anything from bee venom and pollen to pet dander and shellfish. When the body encounters an allergen, it releases histamines, which cause tissue inflammation. This immune response can range from mild symptoms like skin irritation to severe, life-threatening conditions like anaphylaxis.
Common Allergens
Bee stings
Pollen
Shellfish
Nuts
Pet dander
Certain medications
How to Identify Mild vs. Severe Allergic Reactions
As a future nurse, recognizing the symptoms of an allergic reaction quickly could save a life. Here’s what to look for:
Mild Symptoms:
Itchy skin, hives, or a rash
Tightness in the throat or chest
Dizziness, confusion, or weakness
Severe Symptoms (Anaphylaxis):
Swelling of the face, lips, throat, or tongue (which can block the airway)
Red, blotchy skin or widespread hives
Difficulty breathing, wheezing, or coughing
Weakness, nausea, vomiting, or a rapid pulse
What to Do if You Encounter an Allergic Reaction
Check the Scene and Victim: Ensure the environment is safe, and check if the patient is breathing.
Call 911 Immediately: If the person is having severe symptoms (anaphylaxis), or has trouble breathing, call for emergency help.
Provide Comfort and Reassurance: Anxiety can worsen the reaction, so remain calm and provide support.
Use an Epi-Pen if Available: If the person has an epinephrine auto-injector (Epi-Pen), assist them in using it. Follow the “5 Rights of Medication Assistance” to ensure the correct usage.
How to Assist with an Epi-Pen:
Remove the safety cap (“Blue to the sky”).
Press the orange tip firmly against the thigh until you hear a click.
Hold for 10 seconds before removing.
Keep the used injector with the patient for disposal at the hospital.
Monitor for Recurrence: Symptoms can return within minutes, so even after administering an Epi-Pen, the person should seek medical care.
Preventing Allergic Reactions
If you have an allergy, it’s important to:
Read food labels carefully.
Ask about ingredients when eating out.
Consult with a physician about managing allergies, especially in clinical settings.
Final Thoughts for Nursing Students
As a nursing student, your ability to quickly recognize and manage allergic reactions can make a huge difference in patient outcomes. Whether in the hospital or in public, having this knowledge prepares you to act fast.
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“This material is for informational purposes and is sourced from the Canadian Red Cross, Alberta Heart & Stroke Foundation, and Alberta Health Services. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice or training. For more information, consult your physician or a certified safety training provider.”
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Resources for Allergy Sufferers:
Author - Saving Grace Medical Academy Ltd
Jason T
Retired EMT - Heart & Stroke Foundation Senior Instructor