First Aid for: Concussions and Scalp Injuries.

Concussions and Scalp Injuries (For Nursing Students)

Understanding Traumatic Brain Injuries in Emergency Response

Head and spinal injuries are not only common in emergency care—they can be life-altering or even fatal. Even when a patient survives, they may suffer long-term effects due to brain or spinal damage. But what happens when the trauma is isolated to the head, face, or scalp? How do we, as future nurses, recognize and respond to concussions or scalp injuries? What are the immediate and long-term impacts of these injuries?

What Is a Concussion?

A concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury (TBI) caused by a blow to the head or a sudden jolt to the body—such as from whiplash or shaking. These forces can cause the brain to move rapidly inside the skull, potentially leading to brain bleeding, swelling, or both. Concussions can range from mild to severe, and symptoms might not appear immediately.

Scalp Injuries: A Hidden Threat

Scalp injuries often occur alongside head trauma. Because the scalp is highly vascular, even minor cuts can result in significant bleeding. Injuries hidden under hair or soft tissue can be easily missed. In emergency care, any scalp injury should be treated as a potential head, neck, or spinal injury until proven otherwise.

Common Causes of Concussions and Scalp Injuries

Forceful movement of the head
Blunt trauma to the face or jaw
Violent shaking (e.g., Shaken Baby Syndrome)
Motor vehicle collisions
High-impact sports or falls

Signs and Symptoms of a Concussion

Temporary loss of consciousness (seconds to minutes)
Reports of "blacking out" or "seeing stars"
Disorientation or confusion
Memory loss surrounding the event
Headache, nausea, dizziness
Scalp bleeding or bruising

First Aid how to perform C-Spine technique for Head, neck and spine injuries. — Copyright 2017 Heart & Stroke Foundation of Canada - Standard First Aid Manual

Emergency Care for Concussions and Scalp Injuries

1. Ensure Scene Safety: Make sure the area is safe for both you and the patient. Use gloves if available to protect yourself from bloodborne pathogens.

2. Assess ABCs (Airway, Breathing, Circulation)Check for responsiveness and vital signs. Ensure the airway is open and the patient is breathing adequately.

3. Call 911 and Retrieve an AED (if available)Activate emergency services immediately if:

You suspect a head, neck, or spinal injury
The incident involved a vehicle collision or high-impact trauma
The environment is unsafe
The patient’s condition is critical

4. Provide Appropriate First Aid Care

If you find a soft spot, depression, or exposed bone on the scalp, apply gentle pressure around the wound, not directly on it. Use sterile gauze or a clean bandage.
Avoid unnecessary movement. Stabilize the head and neck in the position found. Do not attempt to straighten or reposition the patient.
Support the head with your hands on both sides, maintaining alignment until EMS arrives.
Leave helmets in place, unless they interfere with airway or breathing assessment.
If the patient is in water or face down and not breathing, perform a H.A.IN.E.S. (High Arm IN Endangered Spine) roll with assistance to protect the spine.
If the patient vomits, carefully roll them to their side to maintain an open airway.
If not breathing, begin CPR: 30 compressions, 2 breaths for all age groups.

Important Notes for Nursing Students

In any suspected head or spinal injury:

Never move the patient unless absolutely necessary.
Prioritize ABCs and call for help immediately.
Follow emergency dispatcher instructions closely.
Always document the incident clearly and thoroughly for hand-off to EMS.

“Being prepared and knowledgeable can make all the difference. As future nurses, your ability to assess and respond to traumatic head injuries is critical in the chain of survival.”

This material is for informational purposes only and is based on guidelines from the Canadian Red Cross, Alberta Health Services, and the Heart & Stroke Foundation. It is not a substitute for professional medical training. Consult a physician or certified training provider for clinical guidance.

REMEMBER:✔️ Protect Yourself📞 Call 911⏱️ Don’t Waste Time

“This material is for informational purposes only and is based on guidelines from The Canadian Red Cross, Alberta Heart & Stroke Foundation, and Alberta Health Services. This content does not replace professional medical advice or official safety training. Consult your physician or safety training facility for further guidance.”

Learn First Aid Today & Save a Life Tomorrow with Saving Grace Medical Academy Ltd.

RESOURCES:

Author - Saving Grace Medical Academy Ltd

Jason T

Retired EMT - Heart & Stroke Foundation Senior Instructor

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