What is a Migraine?
Migraines are more than "just a headache." They are complex neurological conditions that can affect the entire body and result in debilitating symptoms. A migraine often begins on one side of the head, usually behind the eye, and may spread to encompass the whole head. While painful headaches are the hallmark of migraines, some people experience symptoms without a headache.
Common Symptoms of Migraines:
Pulsing or throbbing pain (mild to severe)
Sensitivity to light and sound
Nausea or vomiting
Visual disturbances
Difficulty concentrating
Causes of Migraines
Despite advances in medical research, the exact cause of migraines remains unclear. Current theories suggest:
Blood Vessel Swelling: Swelling of blood vessels in the brain may increase intracranial pressure, leading to pain.
Genetic Factors: DNA variants on chromosome 8 (involving genes PGCP & MTDH/AEG-1) have been linked to increased migraine risk. These genes regulate glutamate, a neurotransmitter that may accumulate in the brain and trigger migraines.
Brainstem Overactivity: Abnormal pain amplification in the brainstem could initiate migraines.
Neurochemical Imbalances: Deficiencies in serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) and irregularities in calcium channels or peptides like calcitonin gene-related peptides may contribute to migraines.
Types of Migraines
1. Migraine Without Aura Often called "common migraines," these can last from a few hours to several days. Symptoms include:
Unilateral or generalized pain
Nausea and vomiting
Sensitivity to light and sound
Difficulty concentrating or confusion
2. Migraine With Aura Characterized by visual disturbances, these migraines may begin with:
Flickering lights, spots, or lines
Kaleidoscopic patterns in peripheral vision
Temporary vision loss
Aura symptoms often resolve before the headache phase begins.
Early Warning Signs
Prodrome symptoms, which occur 6-24 hours before a migraine, may include:
Mood changes (irritability, depression, or euphoria)
Increased thirst or food cravings
Neck stiffness
Fatigue or hyperactivity
Common Triggers
Triggers vary among individuals and may include:
Stress: Emotional stress or its sudden relief
Dietary Factors: Certain foods (e.g., chocolate, alcohol, MSG, aged cheese)
Environmental Factors: Bright lights, strong smells, or weather changes
Hormonal Changes: Menstrual cycles or hormone medications
Physical Strain: Poor posture, eye strain, or excessive exercise
Tracking triggers with a "migraine diary" can help identify and avoid potential causes.
Migraine Treatments
Home Care Tips:
Rest in a dark, quiet room
Apply a cold compress to your forehead or neck
Avoid movement and screen time
Practice relaxation techniques
Medications:
Over-the-counter NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen, aspirin)
Anti-nausea medications
Prescription treatments for severe cases
Alternative Therapies:
Acupuncture
Massage therapy
Biofeedback training
CBD oil (consult a physician)
Severe Migraine Management: Seek urgent medical care if migraines are accompanied by:
Arm or leg weakness
Speech difficulty
Unresponsiveness to typical medications
Migraine Prevention
Lifestyle Adjustments:
Maintain regular sleep patterns
Exercise regularly (20-40 minutes, 3 times a week)
Eat balanced meals at consistent times
Manage stress with mindfulness or yoga
Behavioral Treatments:
Cognitive restructuring (positive self-talk)
Relaxation training
Complementary Treatments:
Vitamins and supplements (e.g., magnesium, riboflavin)
Botox injections for chronic migraines (administered by a physician)
Post-Migraine Care
After a migraine, some people experience a "postdrome" phase with lingering symptoms such as:
Fatigue or weakness
Mild headache
Difficulty concentrating
Rest, hydration, and gentle self-care can help alleviate post-migraine effects.
Stay Prepared
Learn First Aid Today & Save a Life Tomorrow
Migraines are a challenging condition, but understanding them and exploring treatment options can provide relief and improve quality of life. For more information, consult a healthcare provider or visit Saving Grace Medical Academy Ltd. to learn about managing health emergencies.
This material is for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Always consult your physician for personalized care.
RESOURCES:
Author - Saving Grace Medical Academy Ltd
Retired EMT - Heart & Stroke Foundation Senior Instructor